White Black Legal – International Law Journal

[1] 1 Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶616 (per Chandrachud, J

[2]1 Gopal Krishna v. Bhagwanthymma, AIR 1962 Mad. 40

[3]2 Sundarbai v. Shivnarayana (1908) 32 Bom. 81

[4] 3 Mahabharat Anushashan Parva 46.1-13, Manu IX, 96

[5] Deepika and other v. State Of U.P Allahabad High Court, W.P. No. - 33919 of 2013 11 November, 2013

[6] Collins Dictionary of Sociology, 1st edition, Harper Collins1991

[7] 6 Gopal Krishna v. Mithilesh Kumar AIR 1979 ALL 316

[8] Sec 5 Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, see also Special marriage Act, 1954 and other marriage laws

[9]Art.16 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

[10] General Assembly of the United Nations declared, by resolution 843 (IX) of 17 December 1954.

[11] 10 (2006) 5 SCC 475

[12] 1 (2014) 4 SCC 786

[13] (2016) 9 SCC 541

[14] (2017) 4 SCC 397

[15] 5 (2017) 4 SCC 397

[16] 6 Common Cause (A Regd. Society) vs. Union of India reported in (2018) 5 SCC 1, held: (SCC p.194, Para 346)

[17] WP.No. (Cri.) 1804/2017, 18 April, 2018

[18] Payal Sharma v. Superintendent, Nari Niketan, Agra and Others2001(3) AWC 1778

[19] Appeal No. 366/2018, arising out of SPL (Cri.) No 5777 of 2017, decided on April 9, 2018

[20] Salamat Ansari and Others vs. State Of U.P. Criminal Misc. WP No. - 11367 of 2020, on 11 November, 2020 see also Soni Gerry v Gerry Douglas, AIR 2018 SC 346

[21] Allahabad High Court, Habeas Corpus No.- 16907 of 2020, Delivered on: 12.01.2021

[22] 2006 (1) ALJ 424 (DB) at 424

[23] AIR 2011 SC1254

[24] Salamat Ansari and Others vs. State Of U.P, Criminal Misc. WP No. - 11367 of 2020, on 11 November, 2020

[25] National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) vs. Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438

[26] 2010 CRI. L. J. 94, 2009 (6) SCC 712

[1] Parker, S., & Clark, M. (2019). Encryption and data protection: Best practices for businesses. Journal of Information Privacy, 10(4), 180-195.

[2] Adams, J., & Martinez, L. (2021). Data protection strategies in the digital age. Journal of Information Security, 12(3), 145-158.

[3] Adams, J. (2018). Vulnerability management: A comprehensive guide. Cybersecurity Journal, 5(2), 78-89.

[4] Williams, C., et al. (2021). Cybersecurity compliance audits: A practical guide. Journal of Compliance Management, 18(3), 135-148.

[5] Smith, A. (2020). Understanding the cyber threat landscape. Cybersecurity Trends, 7(1), 30-42.

[6] Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2003). Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule.

[7] McGraw, D. (2018). Data Security under HIPAA: Time to move beyond the checklist mentality. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46(1

[8] McGraw, D. (2018). Data Security under HIPAA: Time to move beyond the checklist mentality. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46(1

[9] Kuner, C. (2018). European Data Protection Law: Corporate Compliance and Regulation. Oxford University Press.

[10] European Data Protection Board. (2019). Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3) - Version for public consultation

[11] Solove, D. J., & Hartzog, W. (2019). The GDPR and the new data protection authorities. Harvard Law Review, 132(7), 1816-1835.

[12] Solove, D. J., & Schwartz, P. M. (2015). Information Privacy Law (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.

[13] Solove, D. J., & Hartzog, W. (2019). The GDPR and the new data protection authorities. Harvard Law Review, 132(7), 1816-1835.

[14] Swire, P. P. (2017). General data protection regulation: Insights and implications for commerce. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[15] Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC). (2021). PCI Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) v4.0. Retrieved from https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v4-0.pdf

[16] Greenleaf, G., & Crompton, M. (2020). Privacy Law in Australia. Sydney: Thomson Reuters.

[17] Greenleaf, G., & Crompton, M. (2020). Privacy Law in Australia. Sydney: Thomson Reuters.

[18] Kang, C., & Ku, H. Y. (2019). Comparative Introduction to Data Protection Law and Practice. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

[19] Rosenblat, A., & Salaverría, R. (Eds.). (2021). Data Justice and COVID-19: Global Perspectives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[20] California Legislative Information. (2018). Assembly Bill No. 375. Retrieved from https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB375

[21] Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC). (2021). PCI Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) v4.0.

[22] United States Congress. (2002). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ204/PLAW-107publ204.pdf

[1] Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Law, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala),

   Email: advriyagoel@gmail.com.

[2] 2022 LiveLaw (SC) 633.

[3] No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

[4] No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.

[5] The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

[6] Bradner, Rules of Evidence as Prescribed by the Common Law: For the Trial of Actions and Proceedings, 460 (7th ed., 2015).

[7] 2008 (3) R.C.R. (Criminal) 633.

[8] WP (Criminal) No. 67 of 2017.

[9] (2005) 5 SCC 294.

[10] AIR 1978 SC 1025.

* Submitted by Adeeba Faheem (LLM IPR) student of Amity Law school, Noida

1  "India. The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (Act No. 27 of 2012)". WIPO Lex of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25.

2 section 2(d)(ii) of copyright act,1957.

3 section 22 of copyright act,1957.

4  [AIR1977 SC 1443]

5 Section 52 of Copyright act,1957.

6 Section 52 of Copyright Act,1957.

[1] Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs: National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal < https://cybercrime.gov.in/Webform/CyberAware.aspx > accessed 26 May 2022

[2] Soraya Chemaly, ‘There's No Comparing Male and Female Harassment Online’, (SEPTEMBER 9, 2014) < https://time.com/3305466/male-female-harassment-online/ > accessed on 25 June 2022

[3] Rishi Malhotra v. Union of India, Writ Petition(s) (Criminal) No. 145 of 2017

[4] Sarfaraz Alam, ‘Doctrinal and Non-Doctrinal Research Sample’ < www.academia.edu > accessed 27 May 2022

[5] Vinod Joseph and Mitali Jain, ‘India: Anti-Cyber Bullying Laws in India - An Analysis ‘ < https://www.mondaq.com/india/crime/989624/anti-cyber-bullying-laws-in-india--an-analysis > accessed 26 May 2022

[6] Vanya Verma, ‘The virtual reality of cyberstalking in India’ < https://blog.ipleaders.in/virtual-reality-cyberstalking-india/ > accessed 27 May 2022

[7] European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs: Prevention of Radicalisation

[8] Jason Wayne, Cybercrime and Digital Forensics, first published 2018

[9] Ryan Halligan, Suicide of Ryan Halligan < https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11625772 > accessed 28 May 2022

[10] Jayprakash S Naidu, Mumbai: Man ends life after cyber fraudsters circulate morphed nude photos, harass him over online loan < https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/man-suicide-cyber-fraudsters-harassment-online-loan-7903003/ > accessed 29 May 2022

[11] The New Indian Express, ‘Bullied online by money-lending app company, Chennai man kills self’ (Chennai,        25 November 2020

[12] G. Ram Kumar, Cyber Crimes: A Primer Internet Threats and Email Abuses

[13] The Times of India, ‘Cyber Harassment cases see upswing in pandemic’ (Mumbai, 12 January 2022)

[14] Niharika Tiwari, ‘Gender Disparity in the Criminal Justice System of India’ < https://blog.ipleaders.in/gender-disparity-criminal-justice-system-india/ > accessed 28 May 2022

[15] Drishti IAS, ‘Status of Radicalisation in India’(2020) < https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-radicalisation-in-india > accessed 29 May 2022

[16] European Foundation For South Asian Studies, Cyber-Radicalisation: Combating Terrorism in the digital era (2018)

[17] Ashok Kumar IPS, Vipul Anekat IPS , “Challenges to Internal Security of India”, 4th Edition

[18] Mayank Bhandari, ‘Gender Neutralizing of India’s Stalking Laws’, (June 4, 2020)

 < https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/mayank-bhandari-gender-neutral-stalking-laws/# >  accessed on 25 June 2022

[19] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR [1978] SC [597]

[20] Section 354D: ‘Steals lips on male stalking’, < https://www.lawcommunity.in/articles/section-354d-sealed-lips-on-male-stalking > accessed on 25 June 2022

[21] Aarshi, "Pornography As Cyber Crime", < https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-914-pornography-as-cyber-crime.html > accessed on 27 June 2022

[22] Nidhi Chhillar, "Cyber Pornography" (iPleaders, July 19, 2019) < https://blog.ipleaders.in/cyber-pornography/?amp=1#Information_Technology_Act_2000 > accessed on 27 June 2022

[23] Mayank Raj Maurya, "Obscenity laws in India" (iPleaders, January 05, 2021) < https://blog.ipleaders.in/obscenity-and-its-laws-in-india/?amp=1 > accessed on 27 June 2022

[24] P. Madhava Soma Sundaram, Syed Umarhathab, “Cyber Crime and Digital Disorder”

[25] Navtej Singh Johar vs Union Of India (2018) 10 SCC 1

[1] Jain, P., 2018. Artificial Intelligence for sustainable and effective justice delivery in India. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(06), pp.63-70.

[2] Kalyanakrishnan, Shivaram, Rahul Alex Panicker, Sarayu Natarajan, and Shreya Rao. “Opportunities and challenges for artificial intelligence in India.” In Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 164-170. 2018.

[3] Nandi, Anulekha. “Artificial intelligence in education in India: questioning justice and inclusion.” (2019): 140-144.

[4] ‘AI can improve judicial system’s efficiency — full text of CJI Bobde’s Constitution Day speech’ (The Print, 27 November 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[5] SUVAAS or the Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software, is a neural translation tool which has been trained using machine-learning processes. It has the capability of translating English judgments and daily orders into nine vernacular scripts, and vice-versa. See the Supreme Court of India’s press release for information on SUVAAS. Supreme Court of India, ‘Press Release’ (25 November 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[6] Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[7] European Commission For the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), ‘European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment’ (3-4 December 2018) accessed on 5 November 2023

[8] See generally, Partha P. Chakrabarti and Ameen Jauhar, ‘Bots in the law’ (Outlook India, 1 March 2021) accessed on 5 November 2023

[9] Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[10]  Ajmer Singh, ‘Supreme Court develops software to make all its 17 benches paperless’, (Economic Times, 26 May, 2020) accessed on 15 March 2021. For more understanding of SUPACE see Justice L.N. Rao, ‘AI and the law’, (Online webinar of Shyam Padman Associates, 6 August 2020) accessed on 5 November 2023

[11] Partha P. Chakrabarti and Ameen Jauhar, ‘Bots in the law’ (Outlook India, 1 March 2021) accessed on 5 November 2023

[12] European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, ‘European ethical Charter on the use of Artificial Intelligence in judicial systems and their environment’ (3-4 December 2018) accessed on 3 November 2023

[13]  In the United Kingdom, the Lord Chief Justice of the UK Supreme Court has recently convened a ten-member expert committee to look into the ‘likely impact of AI in the English Judiciary. accessed on 5 November 2023

[14]  David Lat, ‘How Artificial Intelligence Will Revolutionize eDiscovery’ (Above The Law, 25 January 2017) accessed on 14 March 2021 and Ronsin, Lampos & Maîtrepierre, (2018), n 5.

[15] Eric Nillier, ‘Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So’ (Wired, 5 March 2019)

[16] Jeff Asher and Rob Arthur, ‘Inside the algorithm that tries to predict gun violence in Chicago’ (New York Times, 13 June 2017) accessed on 5 November 2023

[17]  Adam Liptak, ‘Sent to prison by a software program’s secret algorithms’ (New York Times, 1 May 2017) accessed on 5 November 2023

[18]  Marion Oswald and others, ‘Algorithmic risk assessment policing models: lessons from the Durham HART model and ‘Experimental’ proportionality’ (2018) 2 Information & Communications Technology Law at 233 accessed on 5 November 2023

[19] Matt Burges, ‘UK police are using AI to inform custodial decisions – but it could be discriminating against the poor’ (Wired, 1 March 2018) accessed 14 November 2023

[20] ‘Checkpoint’ (Durham Constabulary) accessed on 5 November 2023

[21]  Daniel Becker and Isabela Ferrari, ‘VICTOR, the Brazilian Supreme Court’s Artificial Intelligence: a beauty or a beast?’ accessed on 5 November 2023

[22] Maria Dymitruk, ‘Ethical artificial intelligence in judiciary’ (February 2019) accessed on 5 November 2023

[23]  Daniel Willian GRANADO, ‘Artificial Intelligence Applied To The Legal Proceedings: The Brazilian Experience’ (2019) 5 IMODEV accessed on 5 November 2023

[24]  Maina Siqueira and Marcello Castro, ‘Brazil: The Supreme Federal Tribunal And The “General Repercussion” Requirement’ (Mondaq, 10 March 2008) accessed on 5 November 2023

[25]  Michaels A.C. (2019), ‘AI, legal change and separation of powers’, 88 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1083 (2020); and Winter (2020) n 6.

[26] Michaels A.C. (2019), n 19. Also see John M. Golden, Redundancy: When Law Repeats Itself, 94 TEX. L. REV. 629, 629 (2016); and John M. Golden, Redundancy: When Law Repeats Itself, 94 TEX. L. REV. 629, 629 (2016)

[27] (2008) 2 PLR 774

[28] https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Responsible-AI-in-the-Indian-Justice-System-A-Strategy-Paper.pdf

[1] Sundar, K.S., 2020. Critiquing the industrial relations code bill, 2019. Urban Poor and Healthcare Access, p.45.

[2] MEHTA, K., Demystifying Code on Industrial Relations 2020.

[3] Roy, G.K. and Dubey, A., 2022. A Note on Industrial Relations Code, 2020. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 65(2), pp.533-543.

[4] Bhuta, A., 2022. Imbalancing Act: India’s Industrial Relations Code, 2020. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 65(3), pp.821-830.

[5] Barklamb, S., 2021. Wake-up call for a dysfunctional system: Employer perspectives on industrial relations in 2020. Journal of Industrial Relations, 63(3), pp.411-421.

[6] Weiss, M., Schmidt, M. and Hlava, D., 2023. Labour law and industrial relations in Germany. Kluwer Law International BV.

[1] Mohr, Richard. "The Christian origins of secularism and the rule of law." law and religion in public life. Routledge, 2011. 44-61.

[2] Rao, V. Venkata. "Constitution Forty Second Amendment Act 1976 (A Critical Study)." (1978): 142-148.

[3] Meiklejohn, Alexander. "The First Amendment is an absolute." The Supreme Court Review 1961 (1961): 245-266.

[4] Marbaniang, Domenic. Secularism in India: a historical analysis. Lulu Press, Inc, 2011.

[5] Kothari, Rajni, and Rushikesh Maru. "Caste and secularism in India case study of a caste federation." The Journal of Asian Studies 25.1 (1965): 33-50.

[6] De “Roover, Jakob, Sarah Claerhout, and S. N. Balagangadhara”. "Liberal political theory and the cultural migration of ideas: The case of secularism in India." “Political Theory 39.5 (2011): 571-599”.

[7] Chishti, S. M. A. W. "Secularism in India: An Overview." The Indian Journal of Political Science (2004): 183-198.

[8] Bhargava, Rajeev. "What is Indian secularism and what is it for?." India Review 1.1 (2002): 1-32.

[9] Alam, Javeed. "Ethically speaking, what should be the meaning of separation for secularism in India." Social Scientist (2007): 3-18.

[10] Bhargava, Rajeev, and T. N. Srinivasan. "The distinctiveness of Indian secularism." The Future of Secularism, Oxford University Press, New York (2007).

[11] Rajagopalan, Swarna. "Secularism in India: Accepted principle, contentious interpretation." The Secular and the Sacred. Routledge, 2004. 235-251.

[12] “Brass, Paul”. "Indian secularism in practice." “Indian Journal of Secularism 9.1 (2006)”: 115-132.

[13] “Laborde, Cécile, Minimal Secularism: Lessons for, and from, India, American Political Science Review 115.1” (2021): 1-13.

[14] Majeed, Javed. "the crisis of secularism in india." Modern Intellectual History 7.3 (2010): 653-666.

[15] Thapar, Romila. "Secularism, history, and contemporary politics in India." The crisis of secularism in India (2007): 191-207.

[16] “Tejani, Shabnum, Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890-1950, Indiana University Press”, 2021.

[17] “Ali, Md Musa, Secularism in India: concepts, historical perspective and challenges, Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I. Issue XXIV” (2015).

[18] Alam, Javeed. "Ethically speaking, what should be the meaning of separation for secularism in India." Social Scientist (2007): 3-18.

[19] The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.

[20] Article 12, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[21] AIR 1973 SC 1461.

[22] 1994 SCC (3)

[23] (1975) 1 S.C.R. 173.

[24] Article 13, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[25] “Article 14, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[26] “Article 15, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[27] “Article 16, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[28] “Article 25, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[29] “Article 51, The Constitution of India, 1950”.

[30] Bhargava, Rajeev. "What is Indian secularism and what is it for?." India Review 1.1 (2002): 1-32.

[31] 1964 AIR 464

[32] Supra Note 21.

[33] 1980 AIR 1789

[34] 1994 AIR 1918

[35] “Padhy, Sanghamitra,. Secularism and justice: a review of Indian Supreme Court judgments, Economic and Political Weekly” (2004): 5027-5032.

[36] Supra Note 23.

[37] Baker, Joseph O., and Buster G. Smith. "American secularism." American Secularism. New York University Press, 2015.

[38] McClay, Wilfred M. "Secularism, American-Style." Society 44.6 (2007): 160-163.

[39] McCrary, Charles. “Sincerely Held: American Secularism and Its Believers, University of Chicago Press, 2022”.

[40] 330 U.S. 1 (1947)

[41] 403 U.S. 602 (1971)

[42] Cady, Linell. "Choosing our better history: religion, secularism, and American public life." Macalester Civic Forum. Vol. 3. No. 1. 2009.

[43] Devine, Colin A. "A Critique of the Secular Exceptions Approach to Religious Exemptions." UCLA L. Rev. 62 (2015): 1348.

[44] 374 U.S. 398 (1963)

[45] Reeves, De'Siree N. "Missing Link: The Origin of Sherbert and the Irony of Religious Equality." Stan. JCR & CL 15 (2019): 201.

[46] Choper, Jesse H. "The Religion Clauses of the First Amendment: Reconciling the Conflict." U. Pitt. L. Rev. 41 (1979): 673.

[47] 494 U.S. 872 (1990)

[48] Mykkeltvedt, Roald. "Employment Division v. Smith: Creating anxiety by relieving tension." Tenn. L. Rev. 58 (1990): 603.

[49] Article 25, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[50] Seligman, Adam B. "Secularism, liberalism and the problem of tolerance: The case of the usa." Theoria 55.115 (2008): 17-31.